Medicose Academy
Control and Coordination
Total Questions:
Nervous System
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Nerve impulse
Electrical signal transmission along neurons.
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Steps involved in nervous coordination
Sensory input, integration, and motor output.
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Neurons (Structure and Types)
Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and Schwann cells.
Types: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons.
Transmission of Action Potential Between Cells - Synapse
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Electrical synapses
Direct electrical coupling between neurons via gap junctions.
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Chemical synapses
Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.
Transmission of nerve impulse across synapse.
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Feedback Mechanism
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Positive feedback mechanism
Amplifies and reinforces physiological processes.
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Negative feedback mechanism
Maintains homeostasis by reversing deviations from a set point.
Reflexes and Reflex Arc
Involuntary, rapid responses to stimuli mediated by neural pathways.
Levels of the Spinal Cord and Main Functions
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal divisions. Functions include conduction of sensory and motor impulses and reflex integration.
Parts of the Brain with Main Functions
Brainstem, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- 5.1. Recognize receptors as transducers sensitive to various stimuli.
- 5.2. Define neurons.
- 5.3. Explain the structure of a typical neuron (cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and Schwann cells).
- 5.4. Define nerve impulse.
- 5.5. List the levels of the spinal cord.
- 5.6. List the functions of the spinal cord.
- 5.7. Classify reflexes.
- 5.8. Briefly explain the functions of components of a reflex arc.
- 5.9. List the main parts of the brain (e.g., components of brainstem, midbrain, cerebellum, cerebrum).
- 5.10. Describe the functions of each part.
